Flavonoids are phenolic compounds found in fruits, vegetables, cereals, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea, and wine. These natural products are well-known for their health-promoting properties, and researchers are working to extract the active compounds known as flavonoids. Flavonoids are currently widely used in nutraceutical, pharmacological, medical, and cosmetic products. Apigenin is a flavonoid with low toxicity and a variety of bioactivities. The pharmacokinetics, cancer chemoprevention, and apigenin drug interactions have been published using eukaryotic cells, animal models, or epidemiological research. The present review mainly focuses on the overview of various properties of apigenin flavonoids.

A Study on participants predicted to be sensitive responds to warfarin drug based on CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes, had significantly greater international normalized ratio (INR) variability over time. The associations of INR variability with genotype was done by the subgroup family is not exposed to interacting drugs, whereas the effect of interacting drug exposure was driven by the subgroup categorized as normal responders. It’s that findings emphasize the importance of considering drug interactions in pharmacogenomic studies.

The development of oral drug-delivery systems for a specific drug involves the optimization of the dosage form and characteristics of GI physiology. Although significant advances have been made to develop the drug-delivery systems, most of the dosage forms are still designed on an empirical basis. For oral solid-delivery systems, drug absorption is unsatisfactory and highly variable between the individuals despite excellent in vitro release patterns. The main difficulty is the physiological variability such as GI transit in addition to gastric retention time (GRT), as the latter plays a dominating task on the whole transit of the dosage form. Such physiological variability makes it complicated to label the drug-delivery systems with a specific in vivo performance even with reproducible in vitro data.

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death in world-wide. Cerebral infarction is one of the complications observed in meningitis patients. Aim: The primary aim of our study is to identify cerebral infarctions in meningitis patients at tertiary care hospital. Objective: To determine basic demographic characters (age, gender), type of cerebral infarction, regions and arteries involved in cerebral infraction, clinical manifestations, treatment. Methods: A total of 140 meningitis patients were collected from hospital recruited since January 2021 - August 2021. Patients were separated by stroke group and non-stroke group by computerized tomography impressions, magnetic resonance imaging impressions. The patients were selected based on inclusion criteria. Results and Conclusion: Our study showed cerebral infarctions are seen in 90 patients (64.2%) out of 140 patients. Mainly the ages between 20-40 and 40-60 are affected from stroke in meningitis. Males and females are nearly equal to the exposure of stroke in meningitis. Acute infracts (55.5%) are more in patients with meningitis. The most common site of exposure is in frontal lobe. Infracts are severely seen in middle cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery. In the whole study 6 patients were dead. Rest of the patients are receiving medications such as antibiotics, anti tubercular agents, anti convulsants and medications for stroke are antiplatelets, statins and vasodialators are prescribed.

Lutein is a pharmacologically vital phytochemical belonging to the class of carotenoids widely distributed in green vegetables and marigold flowers. It is industrially significant for its biological activities such as antioxidant, macular protective and immune stimulatory properties. In this study, isolation and purification of lutein from Alternanthera ficoidea was carried out. For the extraction of lutein, petroleum ether- acetone extract of Alternanthera ficoidea leaves was prepared which yielded 2.1mg/100g of lutein. Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography of the extract yielded lutein with a Rf value of 0.12. Lutein isolated was subjected to spectral data characterization by Ultra Violet (UV) -Visible and FT-IR spectroscopy. The spectroscopical results obtained corresponded well with those reported for standard lutein. Results of the study indicated that Alternanthera ficoidea leaves can be used as a source for obtaining lutein.