Molluscs are one of the earliest taxa used to investigate latitudinal trends in marine biodiversity. The phylum molluscs are a large assemblage of animals having diverse shape, sizes, habits and occupy different habitats. In is endowed with rich and diverse bio resources and the molluscs are not an exception. Molluscs were exploited for edible, industrial and ornamental purposes and the history of exploitation way back to the time immemorial. Hence the present study was focused to investigate the biodiversity of mollusc among trash fishes along the south west coast of India.

Apoptosis or programmed cell death play a very significant role in the developmental biology and cellular homeostasis in an organism. Most disturbances of apoptotic cell death have been known to contribute in many diseases, which are related with proliferation and replacement of older cell population. However, in metabolic disorders like diabetes mellitus these studies are not very well conducted considering many variables which are likely affect the metabolic milieu. Apoptosis is involved in the regulation of inflammation and play an important role in the inflammatory phase of wound healing but in diabetic wound, apoptosis appearance is somehow increased corresponding with delay in granulation tissue formation and healing in relation to glycemic control. To determine the level of apoptosis in association with diabetes, DNA fragmentation and agarose gel electrophoresis which is biochemical hallmark was performed in wound of both control and diabetic rats. It was found that there was a significant increase in number of apoptotic cells and DNA fragmentation in wound of rats with diabetes compared with rats without diabetes. This premature cell death or apoptosis during healing process of wound in diabetes may inhibit the repair process as well as the cells responsible for carrying out their normal functions are lost.

Background: Cyclea peltata extract has many important medical uses which makes it a potential extract for researchers prospecting for active compounds in an effort to provide intervention for the global antimicrobial pandemic especially in resource limited setting. Objective: The objective is to determine and evaluate whether the aqueous and ethanolic extract has same antibacterial properties. Material and Methods: Pharmacognosical and Microbiological Methods were adopted in processing the extract and analyzing for its antibacterial potency. Results: The leaf extract showed good activity against the tested microorganism species raising for promise for its use as efficient antibacterial alternative and Ethanolic extract show better antibacterial effect compared to aqueous extract. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of Cyclea peltata showed better antibacterial activity.

The trend towards personalized management of diabetes mellitus has focused attention on the differences among available pharmacological agents in terms of action, efficacy and most importantly the safety. Clinicians must develop individualized drug therapy regimens which covers these features. Because of the low cost sulfonylurea’s (SU’s) are the mostly used oral drugs in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after the metformin. A treatment paradigm shift is suggested in which conjunction management is employed by agents that correct known pathophysiological defects in T2DM and produce consistent reduction in HbA1c rather than just focusing on the glucose-lowering ability of the drug. Unfortunately, sulfonylureas lost their durability very early and are sometimes associated with management related severe hypoglycaemic attacks leading to hospitalization’s which had limited their outmost utilization presently. Not long ago, in cretin-dependent treatments like dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4I) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist (GLP-1A) are obtaining vogue principally because of their advantage of Glucose-dependent effect on insulin secretion, weight reduction which is probably related to delayed stomach emptying and minimal hypoglycaemia. Sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2I) called gliflozins, lead to a reduction in blood glucose levels. Canagliflozin, a member of gliflozins enhance blood glucose control as well as dwindle weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure reduction is another new promising molecule currently searching for its arena in the management of T2DM. Insulin could be utilized at any place when required. This review will discuss what could be the best second line oral drugs for T2DM, once the metformin mono-therapy becomes in effective. Although all the guidelines suggested metformin as first line, there was no definite consensus on the second choice of drugs as a variety of medication categories were strongly suggested. When all options are comparatively well and safe given the benefits they converse, medicinal resolution should depend on a customized approach, taking into account patients, clinical situations, constitution, pathological effects, predilection, abilities and costs.

The aim of the study was to prepare Salbutamol Sulphate using nanoprecipitation method using differentdrug and polymer ratio. FT-IR studies revealed that there was no chemical interaction between the drug and polymer. The average particle size of the optimized formulation was found to be 365nm. The in-vitrorelease behaviour from all the Salbutamol Sulphate loaded nanoparticles was found to be zero-order and produced a sustained release over a period of 12 hours with better entrapment efficiency.