Despite the remarkable advances in all analytical phases of clinical laboratory testing procedure, there is still a long way to achieve 100% accuracy. The rates of analytical errors have been significantly reduced among laboratories during the last few decades, while pre-analytical phase reported more than 90% of errors. This is a retrospective study was performed to investigate the major causes of pre-analytical errors that caused sample rejection at clinical molecular department in the regional laboratory and found that samples with leakage was the most common cause accounting 28% of total rejections. This study was reported a number of different reasons for sample rejection including; mismatching patient’s information on the tube and request, incomplete patient’s data and missing sample. Therefore, this study suggests keeping a record of the errors at all stages of the pre-analytical process and then devising corrective strategies for prevention such laboratory errors.

The possible hazardous effects of radiations emitted from mobile phone have put major public concern today. Some studies concluded that these radiations caused damage to DNA, hormonal, metabolic changes, developmental delay, increased mortality rate, free radical production, and immunological effects while other studies have controversial effects and showed that electromagnetic field radiations had some beneficial effects also. This study was designed to observe the effects of exposure of electromagnetic radiations from mobile phones on histology of chick embryo liver. Freshly laid fertile hen eggs of ‘Rhode Island Red’ species were divided into Control group (Group A= 6 eggs) and exposed group (Group B=6 eggs). Both the groups were kept in separate incubator in 37°C temperature and 50-55% humidity was maintained. An exposed group had been kept with an active mobile device which was daily rung four times 15 minutes each during the period of incubation. The control as well as exposed embryos was extracted on day 14 of incubation. All the embryos were observed for mortality, if any, live embryos chilled to death and liver got dissected. The liver tissues were further processed for micro-technique and slides had been prepared from liver tissue. All the slides had been stained by double staining procedure and observed under light microscope. In radiation exposed liver sections, there were less no. of sinusoids, decreased hepatic cords, heavy bleeding in central and portal veins, dilated hepatic veins, and portal area congested with hepatocytes while control embryos showed normal structure of liver. There was an adverse effect of electromagnetic field exposure on chick embryo mortality. Also hazardous effects had been observed due to electromagnetic radiations emitted from mobile phones in chick embryo liver.

Transdermal drug delivery system is introduced to overcome the difficulties of oral route of administration of drug. It is important to prevent the problem of Presystemic metabolism and give systemic activity. It is a Targeted drug delivery system in which drug is mainly act at the site of infection. It is important drug delivery system to maintain the plasma steady state level of drug material. The 76% of drug can administered in oral route of administration it cannot give desired therapeutic activity, in case of drug under Transdermal drug delivery system it can give systemic activity in prolonged period of time and maintain its Therapeutic activity. Transdermal drug delivery system is act as micro emulsion, Transdermal patches, Niosomes, Ethosome and liposomal drug delivery system is act as Novel approach of carrier mediated drug delivery system. The present review describes Structure of skin, components, Approach and Evaluation of Transdermal Drug Delivery System.

The present study was made on antioxidant activity was performed by hydroxyl and DPPH radical scavenging methods for different organic solvent extracts of marine red algae Gracilaria fergusonii J. Agardh. In this study, scavenging activity was observed in different concentration (100, 250, 500,750, 1000 µg/ml) of three different solvent extracts like methanol, chloroform and water. The performances of scavenging activity of above extracts were comparing with standard ascorbic acid. An IC50value of methanol, chloroform and aqueous extract of hydroxyl radical were recorded at 940.28 µg/ml, 490.24 µg/ml and 924.65 µg/ml respectively. In contrast, theIC50 values of DPPH radical were recorded at 755.14 µg/ml, 852.5µg/ml and 878.84µg/ml respectively. The IC50 value of standard ascorbic acid of hydroxyl and DPPH radical were recorded at 68.24µg/ml and 486.99µg/ml.